The development of novel biologics provides a new therapeutic strategy for immune-related kidney diseases. Novel biologics such as anti-leukocyte differentiation antigen 20 monoclonal antibody, B lymphocyte stimulator/ a proliferation-inducing ligand-targeting drugs, and complement inhibitors provide more precise treatment for immunerelated kidney diseases by targeting specific molecules or receptors. However, further studies are needed in terms of therapeutic efficacy, safety, optimal dosage and applicability in different kidney diseases. This article reviewed the application progress of various novel biologics in immune-related kidney diseases, and aimed to discuss their therapeutic potential, existing evidence and future research direction.

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) plays an important role in ensuring the health of the people, and its efficacy is a core reflection of its clinical value and significance. A scientific, detailed, and clear clinical trial protocol is of great significance for accurately assessing the clinical efficacy of drugs, which can fully reflect their clinical value, ensure the scientific, reliable, and accurate nature of clinical trials, and ultimately guarantee their successful completion. This article followed the design principles of clinical trial protocols, combined with the rich experience accumulated by our team in long-term clinical trial practice. From the perspective of how to reflect the clinical value of drugs, the determination of the purpose and the clinical positioning of the drug clinical trials, the selection of participants and the controls, the setting of corresponding statistical boundary values for clinical trial were discussed. And the selection of clinical efficacy outcomes which could reflect the clinical value and clinical significance of the drugs, the key design elements of clinical trial protocols - ''PICOS'' principle were comprehensively and deeply analyzed and discussed, aiming to provide a scientific, reasonable, and practical reference for the design of TCM clinical trial protocols that emphasize clinical value.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH), as a chronic metabolic disease, is closely related to obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, hyperlipidemia and other metabolic syndromes. Its pathogenesis involves multiple factors such as genetics, environment and lifestyle, especially metabolic disorders as the core driving force, which promote disease progression through oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory pathway activation. For the treatment of NASH, multiple potential therapeutic targets have been identified, such as metabolic regulation, blocking of inflammatory pathways, and anti-fibrosis. NASH may also progress to severe diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer, which poses a major threat to human health. In addition, NASH is often accompanied by other metabolic diseases, forming a vicious cycle that further increases the difficulty of treatment and the burden on patients. This article aims to comprehensively review the pathogenesis, therapeutic targets and drug research progress of NASH, and discuss its harm to humans, so as to provide reference for future research and clinical practice.

Iron metabolism disorder is common disorder in patients with chronic kidney disease, which leads to renal anemia(RA). Intravenous iron is an important treatment for RA, and commonly used drugs include ferric carboxymaltose, ferumoxytol and ferric derisomaltose. Based on the previous research results, this article reviewed the application progress of intravenous iron in RA, in order to provide some ideas for individualized iron therapy

Atopic dermatitis(AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Traditional treatments such as topical steroids and immunosuppressants have limited efficacy in some patients and are accompanied by adverse reactions. In recent years, biologics have provided new treatment options for patients with moderate to severe AD by targeting key inflammatory factors. Dupilumab, as the first approved biologic, significantly improved patients' skin symptoms and pruritus. Subsequently, drugs such as tralokinumab, lebrikizumab, and nemolizumab further expanded the options for targeted therapy. Biologics have shown promising prospects in improving the treatment outcomes of patients with moderate to severe AD, and are expected to further improve efficacy and affordability through personalized medicine, optimized dosing strategies, and cost control. This article reviewed the targets, mechanisms of action, and clinical research progress of major biological agents, in order to provide reference for the clinical treatment of AD patients.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist(GLP-1RA) has been widely used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1RA can also help improve renal outcomes in patients with diabetic nephropathy(DN). GLP-1RA plays a renal protective role by inhibiting inflammatory response, reducing oxidative stress, alleviating damage induced by advanced glycosylation end products and improving metabolic abnormalities, and has great potential in preventing and slowing down the occurrence and development of DN. This article reviewed the clinical evidence and mechanism of GLP-1RA in DN, so as to provide reference for clinical use.

我国药品集中采购 ( 以下简称“集采”) 政策形成于经济市场化改革和医药卫生体制改革的重要时期，走过了从计 划采购、医院联合采购试点、地 ( 市 ) 扩大试点，省为单位、省际联合、国家组织六个不同阶段与药品集采政策变革、初 创、调整、拓展、融合、完善的发展历程相对应，政策发展以问题、需求为导向，从部门碎片化、局部效应，逐步向整体 性、系统化、综合成效转变。文章梳理了我国药品集采发展的历程，总结不同时期药品集采政策的特点，显示我国经济改 革和医药卫生体制改革相关政策与药品集采政策发展互为因果、相互协调，推动了药品供应保障治理体系现代化进程。

Chronic kidney disease(CKD) has long been an important global health problem, and renal anemia(RA) is one of the important complications of CKD, which is closely related to the increase of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients. The occurrence of RA is related to the deficiency of erythropoietin(EPO) production. EPO related drugs are an important treatment for RA and affect the prognosis of patients with CKD. This article reviewed the application progress of EPO related drugs in RA in recent years, in order to provide some reference for clinic.

With the widespread use of antibiotics, the ongoing development of microbial resistance poses a significant threat to global health. Therefore, the search for new antibiotics or other antimicrobial resources has become the focus of global scientific research. Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs) have attracted much attention as excellent candidates for overcoming antibiotic resistance. AMPs are small molecular proteins that are naturally produced by all living organisms and play a crucial role in the host's innate immunity against a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. AMPs are widely found in various organisms such as microorganisms, plants, insects, and mammals. AMPs exert biological activity by targeting key molecules such as cell membranes, cell walls, DNA and proteins within cells. The wide range of sources and complex and diverse mechanisms provide a solid foundation for the wide application of AMPs. This article reviewed the classification of AMPs based on animal origin, the mechanisms and applications in pharmaceutical field, in order to provide professional reference for further research in related fields.

Chronic bronchitis(CB) is a widespread respiratory disease, and its core pathogenesis revolves around the inflammatory response. A vicious cycle is formed between this inflammatory response and oxidative stress, leading to a series of complex pathological changes such as excessive mucus secretion, airway surface dehydration, and airway fibrosis remodeling. Among them, the molecular mechanisms are interrelated and jointly promote the development of the disease. This article comprehensively analyzed the role of inflammatory response in CB and its various pathological manifestations, aiming to provide improved ideas for existing treatment methods, stimulated the development of new drugs, and effectively transform basic scientific research results into clinical practice, so as to bring more effective treatment strategies for CB patients.

Objective To observe the effect of modified Buyang Huanwu decoction combined with sacubitril valsartan on chronic cardiac failure(CHF). Methods A total of 120 CHF patients with Qi deficiency and blood stasis admitted to Cangzhou Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital from November 2021 to June 2023 were randomly divided into western medicine group(n＝60) and Chinese and western medicine combined group(n＝60). The western medicine group was treated with sacubitril valsartan on the basis of conventional treatment, and the Chinese and western medicine combined group was treated with modified Buyang Huanwu decoction on the basis of western medicine group, with a course of 3 months. Results After treatment, the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score, quality of life score, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor, myocardial troponin T level and left ventricular mass index in the two groups were decreased compared with before treatment(P＜0.05), the left ventricular ejection fraction and 6 min walking test were higher than those before treatment(P＜0.05), and the above indexes in Chinese and western medicine combined group were better than those in western medicine group(P＜0.05). The total effective rate of the combined group was obviously higher than that of the western medicine group(91.67% vs 76.67%, P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the combined group and western medicine group(8.33% vs 13.33%, P＞0.05). Conclusion Modified Buyang Huanwu decoction combined with sacubitril valsartan has high curative effect on CHF, and can improve the heart function and quality of life of patients.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of Siwanfeng decoction in treating atopic dermatitis(AD) in children with heart fire and spleen deficiency syndrome. Methods A total of 70 patients with AD who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, with 35 cases in each group. The treatment group was given Siwanfeng decoction orally, while the control group was given levocetirizine hydrochloride oral liquid orally. The treatment course was 6 weeks. The changes in scoring AD(SCORAD) scores and clinical efficacy were compared between two groups. Results The total effective rate of the treatment group was 97.14% and 40% in the control group, and the total effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P＜0.001). After treatment, the SCORAD score in the treatment group was decreased than before treatment and the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001). Conclusion Siwanfeng decoction has a good clinical efficacy in treating children with AD with heart fire and spleen deficiency syndrome

Testosterone is one of the most important hormones in the human body, and the lack of testosterone in men can lead to mental and physiological and other dysfunction. The clinical efficacy and safety of testosterone supplementation should be determined through clinical trials, long-term observation, and drug interaction evaluation, with close monitoring of patient responses and associated adverse events. Transdermal patch and other testosterone controlled release preparations provide a better choice for the treatment of testosterone deficiency. This article reviewed the testosterone dosage forms, administration routes, clinical efficacy and safety in domestic and foreign markets, in order to provide reference for the use of clinical related drugs.

Objective To explore the role and existing problems of centralized drug procurement policies in balancing medical, pharmaceutical, and medical insurance costs, ensuring safe and rational use of drugs by the public, and promoting the healthy development of the pharmaceutical industry. Method The relevant policies, literature, cases, and data were analyzed, and the impact and response of policies on various stakeholders and their reactions were interpreted from multiple dimensions. Result The policy of centralized drug procurement was formed during the period of China's economic marketization reform and medical and health system reform. While promoting the construction of the drug supply guarantee system, the policy has promoted the reform of the compensation mechanism of public hospitals and the medical service prices, promoted the balance of medical insurance funds and the modernization of the medical and health governance system. At present, centralized drug procurement has problems in policy implementation, quality improvement and expansion, slow adjustment of medical service prices, and increased difficulty in balancing the interests of the public, medicine, medical development, and fund security. It is necessary to improve the unified and efficient policy linkage and management coordination mechanism of medical insurance, healthcare, and medicine, and promote "value medicine". Conclusion The policy of centralized drug procurement and the reforms related to medicine, healthcare, and medical insurance are mutually causal and synergistic, promoting the modernization process of the governance system and governance capacity of the medicine, healthcare, and medical insurance.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of calcium and zinc gluconate oral solution on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. Methods 72 SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, positive control group and low, medium and high doses of Xingaite groups(3, 6, 12 ml/kg), with 12 rats in each group. Except for the sham operation group, the ovaries were removed to establish the osteoporosis model. The positive control group was given estradiol 0.1 mg/kg, and the sham operation group and the model control group were given the same volume of purified water by gavage for 99 days. The body mass of the rats was observed every 3 days. After treatment, bone mineral density(BMD), bone volume relative to tissue volume(BV/TV) and bone surface relative to tissue volume(BS/TV) were analyzed by micro-CT. Calcium, zinc and bone metabolism were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with the model group, the zinc-calcium group significantly inhibited the growth of body mass, increased the level of zinc, improved the bone loss of femur, increased trabecular number and connection and BMD, increased BV/ TV and BS/TV, and decreased the levels of osteocalcin and procollagen type Ⅰ carboxy-terminal peptide. Conclusion Xingaite can improve the microstructure of bone trabecular in ovariectomized rats, increase bone density, slow down the osteoporosis process in ovariectomized rats, and has a good effect on ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis.

Diagnosis-intervention packet(DIP) is a payment method with Chinese characteristics proposed by combining payment by disease with regional total budget and points. It is currently one of the hospitalization payment methods being promoted in China. This study collected literature on the practical effects of DIP, and used literature hotspot analysis and system review method to summarize the trend of DIP research hotspots and the comparison of effects before and after policy implementation, and put forward the relevant suggestions to improve the research on DIP

Vitiligo is a common acquired skin mucosal pigment loss disease, and there is no cure. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is complex, involving multiple factors such as genetics, autoimmunity, and oxidative stress. With the deepening research on the pathogenesis of vitiligo, biologics targeting specific sites have been continuously developed, especially targeted treatments for immune regulation and anti-inflammatory response, which provide new ideas for the treatment of vitiligo. This article focused on the feasibility of using biologics as a new treatment method for vitiligo, in order to provide reference for exploring better treatment options.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT) is one of the most important complications of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder(CKD-MBD), which can significantly increase the risk of bone deformities, cardiovascular events, and death. In the current treatment of CKD-MBD SHPT, phosphorus binders, calcium-like agents, polynuclear iron-hydroxide and tenapanor have shown advantages. Novel active vitamin D analogues can effectively reduce the level of intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH). This article reviewed the recent progress of IPTH-decreasing CKD-MBD drugs in order to provide reference for clinical use.

Objective To systematically review the literature on the accessibility of national medicare negotiated drugs and summarize its improvement. Methods CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science were searched to collect published literature about national medicare negotiated drugs accessibility, and analyze the content of the literature. Results 25 literatures were included, of which 17 focus on the impact of national medicare negotiated drugs accessibility, while the remaining 8 research the current status of national medicare negotiated drugs accessibility after the policy. Regarding availability, all of the literature found that the policy had a significant positive effect on the uptake of drugs, while 40%(10/25) found that there were some regional or institutional differences in the availability. Regarding affordability, only 60%(15/25) of the literature noted a sharp decrease in the price of national medicare negotiated drugs after the policy. However, 27%(4/15) mentioned that the out-of-pocket costs of most anticancer drugs were still high. Conclusion The National Price Negotiation policy has effectively improved drug accessibility, but it is still necessary to continuously promote the use of national medicare negotiated drugs and to improve the treatment of medicines in health insurance.

The holistic concept of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) pays more attention to the ''sick person'', that is ''patient-centered diagnosis and treatment strategies''. The most recent iteration of the Measures for the Administration of Drug Registration points out that the therapeutic evaluation of TCM should select the indicators that align with the clinical principles and showcase its unique functional characteristics and advantages. At the same time, under the continuous promotion of modern evaluation systems, there has been a notable increase in innovative clinical trial methods of TCM. There is a growing trend towards utilizing more flexible and expedited clinical trial designs throughout the drug product lifecycle to enhance efficiency of the trials based on rational utilization. This paper took the clinical research of Di'ao Xinxuekang capsule in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris as an example, introducing the practical exploration of combining patient-centered clinical research approach with adaptive design, providing useful reference for the evaluation of TCM efficacy.

nkylosing spondylitis(AS) is an autoimmune disease mainly characterized by chronic inflammation of the axial spinal joints, and its onset is significantly correlated with genetic markers such as human leukocyte antigen B27. AS has the characteristics of multi-system involvement and can cause extra-articular manifestations such as gastrointestinal dysfunction, renal damage and skin and mucosal lesions. The clinical treatment drugs for AS mainly include three categories: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids and antirheumatic drugs for improving the condition. With the breakthrough of biological targeted therapy, biological agents such AS tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and interleukin-17 inhibitors have become a new paradigm for the treatment of AS. This paper systematically reviewed the latest research on AS biological agents combined with AS physical rehabilitation, exercise therapy and other non-pharmaceutical intervention methods, aiming to provide evidence-based basis for optimizing the comprehensive management plan of AS.

Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, immune-mediated systemic inflammatory skin disease that significantly impairs patients' physical and mental health as well as the quality of life of patients. With the widespread application of treatment methods such as biological agents, the therapeutic effect of psoriasis has significantly improved, but the problem of recurrence remains prominent. Immune abnormalities(such as tissue resident memory T cells, cytotoxic T cell 17), genetic susceptibility, infectious factors, environmental changes, and unhealthy lifestyles are important triggers for psoriasis recurrence. Meanwhile, there are differences in the recurrence time of different types of biologics after discontinuation, and the risk of recurrence is closely related to patient's compliance and comorbidity status. The article systematically reviewed the relevant mechanisms, influencing factors, and intervention strategies for psoriasis vulgaris recurrence, and proposed multidimensional prevention and intervention strategies for recurrence issues, including optimizing biological agent management, combination therapy regimens, improving lifestyle, and long-term follow-up mechanisms, providing reference for clinical treatment.

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA), a common chronic autoimmune disease. In addition to glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and herbal medicines, the treatment drugs for this disease also include disease - modifying anti-rheumatic drugs(DMARDs). DMARDs include traditional DMARDs, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs(bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs(tsDMARDs). The latter two are also breakthrough therapeutic drugs for RA in recent years. This article provided a detailed introduction to bDMARDs and tsDMARDs, and briefly described other potential therapeutic drugs, to provide new ideas and directions for clinical medication.

Biological agents and oral small molecule(OSM) drugs provide a new approach for the treatment of pediatric skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, and hidradenitis suppurativa. Although most biological agents and OSM drugs have only been approved for use in adult patients, with the continuous strengthening of their clinical safety evaluations and the gradual approval of their use in adolescents and children, biological agents and OSM drugs are expected to become new choices for pediatric skin disease medication in the future. This article comprehensively reviewed the biological agents and OSM drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in recent years or have potential for treating atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, and hidradenitis suppurativa in children, in order to provide reference for the treatment of related diseases.

Objective To investigate the effect of remimazolam on cognitive dysfunction induced by sevoflurane in rats by regulating Toll-like receptor(TLR)4/myeloid differentiation factor(MyD)88/nuclear transcription factor(NF)-κB pathway. Methods A total of 72 male SD rats were divided into A to F groups, 12 rats in each group. A group(50% air and oxygen mixture, 2 L/min) and other groups were treated with A group＋2% sevoflurane to construct aged postoperative cognitive dysfunction rat model. After successful modeling, C groups to E were given(1.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/ kg remimazolam＋intraperitoneal injection of the same amount of 0.9% sodium chloride injection), respectively, F group was given(6 mg/kg remimazolam＋intraperitoneal injection of 75 μg RS09). The rats in A group and B group were injected with the same amount of 0.9% sodium chloride injection in the tail vein and abdominal cavity. The escape latency,the number of crossing platforms and the histopathology of hippocampus were observed. The expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule(IBA)-1 was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of neuron-specific enolase(NSE), interleukin(IL)-6 , central nervous system specific protein S-100β, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in hippocampus. Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis. TLR4, MyD88, Cleaved caspase-3 and p-NF-κB p65 proteins were detected by immunoblotting. Results Compared with B group, the disordered arrangement of neurons and cell morphological changes of rats in C ~ E group were improved, the escape latency was shortened, and the number of crossing platforms was increased. Levels of NSE, S-100β, IL-6, TNF-α, the number of IBA-1 positive cells, neuronal apoptosis rate, and the proteins levels of TLR4, MyD88, Cleaved Caspase-3, and p-NF-κB p65 were significantly decreased(P＜0.05). Conclusion Remimazolam may improve sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction in aged rats by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.

The clinical use of targeted agents has revolutionized treatment strategies for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients carrying targetable mutations for two decades, and has resulted in significant survival benefits. In recent years, the types and clinical use of targeted agents have expanded, with breakthroughs in the treatment of advanced to locally advanced unresectable patients and perioperative adjuvant treatment of resectable patients. In advanced patients, the combination of targeted drugs with chemotherapy or dual-antibody drugs has also provided new options for first-line and subsequent treatment. Meanwhile, antibody-drug conjugates have made positive progress in the subsequent treatment of advanced patients. This article aimed to review the research progress of targeted drugs in the clinical application of intermediate and advanced NSCLC.

Fatty liver is a disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat in liver cells, the incidence of which is increasing year by year, and has become an urgent public health problem in the world. The pathogenesis of fatty liver is complex, including alcoholic and non-alcoholic factors, metabolic disorders and drug effects. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients have been widely concerned by researchers because of their unique multitarget characteristics and overall conditioning effects. This article reviewed the research progress of some Chinese herbal compounds and their effective components in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

回顾性分析1 例难治性类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis，RA) 患者临床资料。患者35 岁，多关节疼痛5 年余， 类风湿因子(rheumatoid factor，RF)、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体阳性，病程中接受托法替布、阿达木单抗等抗风湿、抗炎及调节 免疫等药物治疗，但效果欠佳。医生最后选用新获批的RA 用药泰它西普，患者疾病活动度评分、RF 水平明显下降，得 到临床缓解。该病例提示新型全人融合蛋白泰它西普作为一种新获批的RA 治疗用药，效果较佳，值得临床进一步推广应用。

Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by multi-system involvement. The disease recurs repeatedly, often accompanied by infections and organ damage, which seriously threaten the quality of life of patients. With the breakthroughs of molecular immunology research, important progress has been made in the targeted treatment strategies for SLE. Based on evidence-based medical evidence, this paper systematically reviewed current drug treatment regimens for SLE, mainly including the optimized application of traditional drugs, as well as the clinical value of innovative therapies such as biological agents like belimumab and telitacicept, and novel treatment approaches such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy, in order to provide evidence-based basis for individualized treatment decisions.

Objective To explore the effect of Guifu Dingchuan granules as an adjuvant treatment of cough and asthma in the middle and advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) with kidney Qi deficiency syndrome. Methods A total of 100 patients with cough and asthma in the middle and advanced NSCLC with kidney Qi deficiency syndrome in our hospital from December 2022 to January 2024 were selected and divided into control group(western medicine) and study group(Guifu Dingchuan granules combined with western medicine) according to simple sequencing random method, with 50 cases in each group. The clinical effect of the two groups was observed. The traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score, forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1), peak expiratory flow(PEF), forced vital capacity(FVC), serum micro RNA(miR)-200a, miR-375, Leicester cough questionnaire(LCQ), quality of life questionnaire-core 30(QLQ-C30) and incidence of adverse reactions were compared before and after treatment. Results The total effective rate of the study group was higher than that of the control group(92.00% vs. 76.00%, P＜0.05). After treatment, LCQ and QLQ-C30 scores in the study group were lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05). The levels of FEV1, PEF, FVC, serum miR-200a and miR-375 in the study group were higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P＞0.05). Conclusion Guifu Dingchuan granules can effectively improve the curative effect, improve lung function and quality of life in the adjuvant treatment of cough and asthma in the middle and advanced NSCLC patients with kidney Qi deficiency syndrome, and up-regulate the levels of serum miR-200a and miR-375 with high safety.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of Dengtaiye granules combined with glycine theophylline sodium sustained-release tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic asthmatic bronchitis. Methods 106 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic asthmatic bronchitis admitted to Shiyan Taihe Hospital from April 2021 to December 2023 were selected and divided into the control group and the treatment group, and 53 cases in each group. The control group was treated with glycine theophylline sodium sustained-release tablets, and the treatment group was treated with Dengtaiye granules combined with glycine theophylline sodium sustained-release tablets. The therapeutic effects, the improvement time of traditional Chinese medicine symptoms, serum inflammation indicators, and adverse reactions between two groups were compared after 7 days of treatment. Results The total effective rate of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group(96.23% vs 84.91%, P＜0.05). The improvement time of cough, phlegm accumulation, wheezing, facial redness and irritability, and dry stools in the treatment group was shorter than that in the control group(P＜0.05). After treatment, C-reactive protein, interleukin(IL)-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α were decreased in the two groups(P＜0.05), and the treatment group were lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P＞0.05). Conclusion Dengtaiye granules combined with glycine theophylline sodium sustained-release tablets can achieve ideal therapeutic effects in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic asthmatic bronchitis. It can quickly improve the traditional Chinese medicine symptoms of patients, effectively reduce the inflammatory response in the body, and has high safety.

Objective To investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) on organoid growth, stem cells and related pathways. Methods The intestinal crypts of C57BL/6J mice were aseptically isolated and collected in vitro, and the threedimensional small intestinal organoids with multi-bud structure were cultured. Immunofluorescence staining was used to identify the cell composition of small intestinal organoids. After passage, small intestinal organoids were randomly divided into control group(LPS 0 μg/ml) and different concentrations of LPS groups(30、100 and 300 μg/ml). The growth and morphological characteristics of organoids, and the changes of stem cells and proliferating cells induced by LPS were observed. Comparative RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to characterize the changes in genes and pathways induced by LPS. Results In D6 culture, small intestinal crypts formed stereoscopic intestinal organoids with multiple budding structures accompanying the intestinal lumen. After modeling, LPS inhibited the formation of intestinal organoid sprout structure, and the area of intestinal organoids was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. IF staining results showed that the expression of intestinal cells and proliferating cells was increased. The comparative RNA sequencing showed that the expression of stem cells and proliferation-related genes was significantly increased, and the stem cells pathway was enriched. Conclusion The LPS-induced intestinal organoid injury model was initially constructed in vitro, and the mechanism and pathway of stem cell enhancement after injury were revealed, providing a reliable research platform for the mechanism research of intestinal diseases and the screening of effective drugs

Objective To explore the mechanism of Jianpi Qinghua formula in improving catecholamine resistance in obesity by network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Methods The main active components and related targets of Jianpi Qinghua formula were screened by the database of traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology and analysis platform. Catecholamine resistance targets associated with obesity were screened by the online human Mendelian genetics and GeneCards databases. The network topology diagram of "Jianpi Qinghua formula-active ingredient-target" and the protein-protein interaction network diagram were constructed by Cytoscape3.7.1 software to identify key targets. The intersection targets were imported into DAVID database for bioinformatics analysis. AutoDock Vina was used for molecular docking to screen and further verify the core chemical components of the formula. Results A total of 79 active ingredients and 661 targets were screened in the formula. A total of 1 337 catecholamine resistance targets and 262 intersection targets were identified in obesity. The key targets were signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, caspase 3, B-cell lymphoma-2 and serine-threonine kinase 1(AKT1). The results of the analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome showed that the improvement of catecholamine resistance by Jianpi Qinghua formula in obesity was related to the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT1 signaling pathway and cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway. Conclusion The core components of Jianpi Qinghua formula of the potential mechanism may be 4',5-dihydroxyflavone, baicalein and jaranol in improving catecholamine resistance in obesity.

Objective To evaluate the budget impact of the combination therapy of nivolumab and ipilimumab for the treatment of unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma after its inclusion in the China's National Reimbuirsement Drug List(NRDL). Methods This study constructed a 5-year(2024—2028) budget impact analysis model from the perspective of the Chinese government health insurance authority to simulate the budget changes after the combination therapy of nivolumab and ipilimumab was included in the NRDL. The model analyzed factors such as the target population, drug market share, and treatment costs, comparing healthcare expenditures in scenarios with and without insurance coverage. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to assess model robustness. Results After inclusion in the NRDL, the incremental expenditure from 2024 to 2028 mainly stems from health insurance payment portion of drug costs, with a cumulative increase of 66.645 million yuan. However, the overall financial impact on the insurance fund remains minimal. Sensitivity analysis showed that drug prices, reimbursement rates, and insurance coverage rates were the key factors affecting budget changes. Conclusion Although the combination therapy of nivolumab and ipilimumab included in the NRDL will increase expenditure, the impact on the overall fund burden is limited.

Objective To investigate the effect of citalopram combined with pregabalin on pain degree and negative emotions in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Methods A total of 103 patients with postherpetic neuralgia treated in our hospital from September 2022 to March 2023 were selected as the study objects. They were randomly divided into the observation group(n＝52) and the control group(n＝51). The observation group received pregabalin combined with citalopram, while the control group received pregabalin. The clinical efficacy, pain degree, anxiety, depression and cytokine changes were compared between the two groups. Results The clinical efficacy rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group(94.23% vs 64.71%, P＜0.05). After treatment, the visual analogue scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale, the levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the both groups were decreased than those before treatment, and the observation group was lower than the control group(P＜0.05). Conclusion Pregabalin combined with citalopram can improve the clinical efficacy, effectively alleviate the pain, ameliorate the anxiety and depression, and attenuate the inflammation response in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.

Proteolysis-targeting chimera(PROTAC) is a new technology for targeting protein degradation that has received great attention in the biomedical science community. PROTAC molecules can quickly and efficiently deplete target proteins by inducing degradation of target proteins using the ubiquitin-protease system, and can bind to substrates again to achieve multiple ubiquitination reactions, optimizing the dose dependence and drug resistance of traditional small molecules to a certain extent. However, this unique chemical structure and mechanism of action also brings many challenges to its in vivo and in vitro pharmacokinetic studies, mainly including poor solubility, poor permeability, poor oral absorption, and low bioavailability. Starting from the analysis of the physicochemical properties of PROTAC molecules, this article analyzed the pharmacokinetic characteristics and summarized the bioanalysis methods of such drugs. It also discussed the challenges and prospects of PROTAC technology, providing a reference for innovative research and breakthroughs in the field of PROTAC drugs.

Objective To systematically introduce how to calculate the 50% effective concentration(EC50) of drugs using the Probit module in SPSS27.0 based on clinical research data, tproviding a reference for clinical researchers. Methods Taking a set of clinical data as an example, this study elucidates the specific steps of calculating the EC50 of drugs using SPSS27.0 and interprets the main output results. Additionally, the EC50 obtained by this method are compared and validated with those calculated by GraphPad Prism9.5. Results The EC50 calculated and analyzed by SPSS software are consistent with those obtained by GraphPad Prism9.5. Moreover, SPSS27.0 features simple steps and quick operations. Conclusion SPSS27.0 can be used to calculate and analyze EC50, which is convenient and fast in operation and is an ideal choice for clinical researchers who are not specialized in statistics.

The disability caused by stroke is a serious public health problem that causes a heavy burden to the society. The convalescence of stroke disability is the key stage of functional recovery, but there is no effective drug treatment at present. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has significant potential in the field of drug research and development. Based on the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of stroke recovery at home and abroad in recent years, combined with the current clinical research situation and potential problems of TCM research and development, this paper discussed the key link in the process of clinical research design, including clinical positioning, efficacy indicators, clinical test control, treatment course, and visiting perspective, and takes the clinical trial of Qizhi Tongluo capsule as an example to explain, aiming to provide objective and operable design elements for the majority of researchers in the field of TCM to carry out high-quality clinical research.

Objective To explore the effects of Sihong Quban decoction combined with photon skin rejuvenation technology on the degree of skin lesions and sebum content in patients with chloasma. Methods One-hundred patients diagnosed with chloasma in our hospital from September 2021 to September 2023 were collected and randomly separated into conventional group and combination group, with 50 cases in each group. The conventional group was treated with photon skin rejuvenation technology, while the combination group was treated with Sihong Quban decoction combined with photon skin rejuvenation technology. The clinical efficacy, degree of skin lesions, skin indicators, oxidative stress indicators, serum sex hormone indicators, and adverse reactions were observed after treatment. Results After treatment, the total effective rate of the combination group was 96.00%, the conventional group was 76.00%, and the combination group was obviously higher than the conventional group(P＜0.05). The skin color score, skin lesion area score, total skin lesion score, sebum content of skin lesions, pigmentation, pores, wrinkles, melasma area severity index score,malonaldehyde, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol levels of the two groups were obviously reduced compared to before treatment, and the above indicators(except for sebum content) in the combination group were obviously lower than those in the conventional group(P＜0.05). There was no obvious difference in sebum content between the two groups(P＞0.05). The skin moisture content, skin elasticity index, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) levels in both groups were obviously increased compared to before treatment(P＜0.05), and the combination group had obviously higher skin moisture content, skin elasticity index, SOD and CAT levels than the conventional group(P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in adverse reaction rate between the two groups during treatment(P＞0.05). Conclusion Sihong Quban decoction combined with photon skin rejuvenation technology can improve clinical efficacy, reduce skin lesions and oxidative stress response, improve skin condition, and regulate serum sex hormone levels in patients with chloasma.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of modified Shenling Baizhu powder combined with mesalazine in the treatment of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis(UC) with spleen deficiency and dampness accumulation syndrome. Methods A total of 70 patients with mild to moderate UC with spleen deficiency and dampness accumulation syndrome admitted to the outpatient and ward of the department of spleen and stomach diseases of Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from October 2023 to December 2024 were selected and divided into control group and treatment group according to the random number table method, with 35 cases in each group. The control group was treated with mesalazine, while the treatment group was treated with the modified formula of Shenling Baizhu Powder in addition to the treatment of control group. Both groups were treated for 24 weeks. The total effective rate, symptom score, colonoscopy mucosal lesion scores, and iron death related factors were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of the treatment group was better than that of the control group(94.29% vs. 82.86%, P＜0.05). After treatment, the average symptom scores, colonic mucosal lesion scores and serum ferrous ion of the two groups decreased significantly(P＜0.05). The levels of serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase 4 increased significantly(P＜0.05). The improvement of diarrhea, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, limb drowsiness and anorexia in the treatment group were better than those in the control group(P＜0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the improvement of purulent bloody stool and colonic mucosal lesions between the two groups(P＞0.05). No significant adverse reactions were observed in the two groups during treatment. Conclusion The modified Shenling Baizhu powder has a remarkable therapeutic effect on patients with mild to moderate UC with spleen deficiency and dampness accumulation syndrome, and it has good safety and high clinical application value.