Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence and mortality.The combination of the third generation of chemotherapy drugs (vinorelbine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel) withplatinum-based drugs so far has been the common practice of NSCLC first-line treatment. New target genes related tochemotherapeutic effect (ERCC-1 and platinum-based resistance, RRM-1 and gemcitabine resistance, β-tubulin and paclitaxel resistance) are of the potential to be the biomarker of predicting chemotherapy reaction. This review describes integration of molecular pathological types and individualized chemotherapy.

Abstract: Endocrine therapy is currently the main treatment for advanced prostate cancer, but most patients gradually develop to the castrate-resistant prostate cancer （CRPC） after treatment. The median survival time of these patients is less than 20 months. Molecular targeted therapy is currently under intensive investigation for CRPC treatment. Docetaxel plus prednisone have been confirmed as the first-line medicine, and zoladronic acid has been demonstrated to be successful in reducing bone related events. However, it is still a challenge to optimize the treatment strategy for CRPC patients in the clinical. This paper reviews the progress of therapeutic strategies for CRPC patients.

Test tube baby is an epochmaking progress in the reproductive endocrinology research since last halfcentury.The application of controlled ovarian stimulation brought hope for ovulation disorder. However, the causes of different efficiency in different patients or drugs are still unknow, and the adverse reactions need to be investigated and solved. This review describes the human-induced ovulation mechanism, various ovulation induction drugs and their applications in past 50 years.

Tetrandrine has effects of anti-inflammation, analgesia, decompression, anti-silicosis, hypoglycemic activity and counteracting free radical damage. It preserves a potential treatment for cardiovascular disease, cancer therapy and resisting hepatic fibrosis. This review summarizes the clinical application of tetrandrine for diseases of immune system, cardiovaschlar system and digestive system.

The traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the treatment of menstrual disorder focuses on holistic conditioning and oral administration of TCM combined with massage and acupuncture to adjust cycle therapy. Therefore, this review simply discusses research progress on TCM treatment of menstrual disorder, the experts' effective medical prescription and the treatment with acupuncture and moxibustion.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most devastating chronic fibrosing lung disease, with a mortality rate which exceeds that of many cancers. Although substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the clinical management of IPF in the past decade, the 2011 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management declared that no proven pharmacological treatment existed for IPF. This review describes the results of international cooperation in IPF therapy in recent years, prospects the development of the treatment drugs for IPF, and concludes with suggestions of future therapeutic targets and strategies.

The medication of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS), which is primarily through adjusting endocrine and metabolic disorder to reach individualized therapy purpose, includes diane-35, metformin and clomifene. This article reviews the endocrine and metabolic disorder, their pathophysiological mechanism and the advances in drug treatment for PCOS

The reproductive endocrine system is controlled and regulated by the neuroendocrine system. Various female reproductive endocrine diseases will appear while the reproductive endocrine system and neuroendocrine are abnormal. Steroid hormone therapy is a major treatment for them. This paper reviews the steroid hormone classification, its mechanism and specific usage in female reproductive endocrine disease.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) can harm systemic organ system function of patients, and bring a heavy economic burden on society. The timely diagnosis and effective treatment are needed. To recognize extensiveness and severity of OSAHS to physical harm has important significance. This paper reviews the damage of systemic organ system and complications in OSAHS patients.

Objective To analyze and evaluate the antifungal drugs used in 34 hospitals of Nanjing during 2010－2012. Methods The consumption data of antifungal drugs were analyzed by using the methods of ranking of consumption sum and DDDs. Results The consumption sum of antifungal drugs used in Nanjing was increased year by year from 2010 to 2012. Annual increasing rate of the cost in 2011 is the highest (10.8%). The consumption of anti-systemic fungal infection drugs, especially triazole drugs, was the highest. Fluconazole and itraconazole (anti-systemic fungal infection drug), as well as terbinafine (anti-superficial fungal infection drug) were the most frequently used in terms of DDDs. Conclsion The consumption sum of antifungal drugs in 34 hospitals of Nanjing was increased markedly during 2010-2012. The triazole drugs and terbinafine are the most frequently used antifungal drugs.

Drug-induced headache (DIH) refers to the headache which is caused by drug directly or indirectly. Medication overuse headache should be paid more attention in clinic. Promptly discontinued and symptomatic treatment can relieve the symptoms of DIH. This review describes the diagnosis, pathogenesis and the treatment and prevention of DIH.

Objective To investigate the rule and characteristics of the adverse drug reaction(ADR) of potassium sodium dehydroandrographolide succinate for children. Methods An analysis was conducted on 350 children’s cases resulted from potassium sodium dehydroandrographolide succinate. Results The main ADR of potassium sodium dehydroandrographolide succinate for children were skin and appendages disorders. Immediate hypersensitivity was in higher proportion. Drug interactions may increase ADR. Conclusion ADR monitoring, rational use of drug and prevention ADRs of potassium sodium dehydroandrographolide succinate should be emphasized.

Adults with hematological malignancies and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation prone to all kinds of infection. Candida disease is the important cause of death in patients. In 2012, ESCMID edits guideline for the diagnosis and management of candida diseases 2012: adults with haematological malignancies and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This review interprets this guideline.

Along with the extensive researches about the molecular biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in recent years，targeted therapy has obvious advantages for advanced RCC patients who has lost the chance of operation. Targeted therapy has been used widely in first and second-line treatments of RCC. This review aims to define the clinical application of seven targeted medicines approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced RCC, such as sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, axitinib, temsirolimus, everolimus and bevacizumab.

Hepatitis E(HE) is a viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV). Currently, the treatment for HEV infection is based on the severity and clinical types. This review describes epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations and treatment of HEV infection.

Recent years, people pay more attention to the multi-system damage of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). In particular, the impact of OSAHS on glucose metabolism is more notable. This paper describes the impact of OSAHS on glucose metabolism and its related mechanism.

Colorectal polyp refers to the protruded lesions on intestinal tract surface, which has a closed correlation with colorectal cancer. Endoscopic polypectomy is helpful to reducing colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. This review describes recent related guidelines of endoscopic polypectomy including the major techniques and indications and colonoscopy survilliance.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of superbugs causing serious clinical infection, which is lack of clinical drug. The forming biofilm and persister bacteria are the key factors responsible for its treatment difficulty. This review introduces the control factors of biofilm formation, the persister bacteria formation, and the interaction relationship between them.

Despite being highly sensitive to first-line chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments, most patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) still suffer from relapse within 2 years and die from systemic metastasis. If possible, relapsed SCLC patients should receive second or beyond second line chemotherapy. Topotecan is the first approved drug as secondline treatment for relapsed SCLC by FDA in USA. Amrubicin is a promising drug and has been approved in Japan. Many combinations of different chemotherapies are performed to overcome the chemo resistance, some of them are still in the clinical trials stage.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a prominent human pathogen. Usually, MRSA infection is occurred exclusively in hospitals. However, recently MRSA is also occurred in community and livestock farm. To understand the mechanism for enhanced virulence of MRSA can really help to defeat this superbug. This review describes the virulence factors of MRSA, and introduces the recent progress made towards four virulence determinants, which are SasX protein, Panton-Valentine leukocidin(PVL), phenol-soluble modulins (PSM) and arginine catabolie mobile element(ACME).

With the study on the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes, new hypoglycemic agents are constantly being developed and applied. Now to develop the new therapeutic drugs for new targets, less adverse reactions, and for the protection of pancreatic β cells has become a hot research topic in current research. This review describes the current research progress of new hypoglycemic drugs.

Insomnia disorder is the most common sleep disorder. The Chinese sleep research institute launched “Chinese guideline of insomnia disorder diagnosis and its treatment” by the organization of multidisciplinary experts in 2017. The guideline includes the principles of evidence-based medicine and the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine conditions. The guideline can be used as a practical and authorized clinical diagnosis and treatment for insomnia disorder as model reference for clinicians. This article provides the interpretation for the major contents of “Chinese guideline for insomnia diagnosis and its treatment”.

Hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology is a hot spot of processing techniques in drug delivery system. The advantages of HME are including the effective dispersion of drugs, free from organic solvents, continuous processing, automatic control and high process reproducibility. In addition, it has the superiority in improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, the taste masking and the processing sustained/controlled release formulation. Based on literature researches, this review describes the current progress of HME in sustained/controlled release drug delivery system to provide useful information for HME application in pharmaceutical development.

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) is a common cause of infections related to nosocomial infections. VRE develops persistent biofilm, which plays an important role in the progress of colonization. This review discusses the factors involved in enterococcal biofilm formation and the anti-enterococcal biofilm drugs in recent years.

American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in May 2013. Compared with the fourth edition, the diagnosis of schizophrenia exhibits great changes, which were discussed and explained in this paper.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and inflammatory autoimmune disease. The synovial inflammatory cell infiltration and synovial cells proliferation of RA patients lead to the destruction of articular cartilage and bone erosion. Its main pathogenesis is the T cell mediated immune response abnormalities. Cyclosporin is used in the treatment of active, refractory patients with RA. Its therapeutic mechanism is probably to inhibit the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes. This review summarizes the RA morbidity and the mechanism of cyclosporin, aims to provide the reference for RA treatment.

Rituximab is widely used in the treatment of B cell non Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and other B cell malignancies. As a monoclonal antibody binding with CD20, rituximab kills the tumor cells mainly through antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and direct apoptotic effect. The CDC is the main mechanism, which intensity is affected by complement regulatory protein. Therefore, the complement system plays an important role in rituximab therapy. Moreover, the tolerance of tumor cells to rituximab is also closely related to the complement system. This review summarizes the drug resistance mechanism of rituximab in lymphoma treatment, especially the research progress of complement related drug resistance mechanism, and summarizes the strategies for improving the treatment of drug resistance.

Objective To verify the biological activity of adalimumab by using Biacore T200 system. Methods Adalimumab was immobilized to the CM5 biosensor chip, and the dynamics constants of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and recombinant cynomolgus TNF-α were obtained. To verify species difference, the binding values of different species of recombinant TNF-α were measured. The median effective concentration of adalimumab for inhibiting the toxicity of recombinant TNF-α to L929 cell was measured. Results The dynamics constants of adalimumab binded to recombinant human TNF-α Ka was (2.114±0.007)×105; Kd was (5.315±0.220)×10-5 and KD was (2.515±0.107)×10-10. The dynamics constants of adalimumab binded to recombinant cynomolgus TNF-α Ka was (2.574±0.068)×105; Kd was (1.554±0.124)×10-5 and KD was (5.320±1.271)×10-10. The binding values of recombinant human TNF-α, recombinant cynomolgus TNF-α, recombinant mouse TNF-α and recombinant rat TNF-α were 84.3, 66.4, 1.3 and -0.8 RU, respectively. The median effective concentration of the adalimumab inhibitory effect on recombinant human TNF-α and recombinant cynomolgus TNF-α cell toxicity were 194.0 pmol/L and 685.5 pmol/L respectively. However, it had no influence on recombinant mouse TNF-α and recombinant rat TNF-α cell toxicity. Conclusion Biacore T200 system is simple, rapid, accurate and suitable for the biological activity test and the pharmacodynamic evaluation of recombinant human TNF-α monoclonal antibody.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, of which the clinical manifestation includes arthritis, systemic inflammation and autoantibody production. RA can influence patients' quality of life, work ability and life expectancy seriously. In recent years, as the progress on glucocorticoid treating RA, the clinical application of glucocorticoid has also been changed. This review describes the guideline and clinical practice of glucocorticoid in RA treatment.

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome caused by abnormal cardiac structure or function, which lead to impaired ventricular contractility or impaired diastolic function and thus lead to a series of pathological and physiological changes. HF is ultimate destination of most cardiovascular diseases, its prevalence, mortality and health care expenditure have accounted for a significant proportion of the world's population. In order to improve the curative effect of HF and the survival rate of patients, new HF therapeutics research has also been in-depth exploration. The new fashioned drugs of HF treatment include double neurohormonal regulator, cardiac stimulant, vasoactive intestinal peptide and myocardial protective agent. This review describes the research progress of new drugs for HF.

Eczema is a common pruritic skin disease, which could be treated through traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) including internal and external therapy, acupuncture and moxibustion, Tuina and health promoting method. Compared with western medicine, such as antihistamine drugs and glucocorticoids, TCM treatment has less adverse reactions. This review describes the research progress of eczema treatment with TCM.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system and multi-organ autoimmune disease. The most common complication of SLE patients is lupus nephritis (LN), which is also one of the main causes of death. With the development of relevant disciplines, new immunosuppressive agents, biological agents and stem cell transplantation have been used for LN treatment successfully. This review describes the application progress of tacrolimus in the treatment of LN to provide a guideline for clinical application.

Objective To observe the plasma level of glucagon like peptide 1(GLP-1) in pre-diabetes patients during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and to analyze its correlation with plasma glucose and serum insulin. Methods Patients with pre-diabetes [isolated impaired fasting glucose(IFG, n=29); isolated impaired glucose tolerance(IGT, n=16); fasting and postprandial plasma glucose were abnormal (CGI, n=13)] and subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n=22) were included in this study. The OGTTs were performed. The fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, plasma GLP-1 and those after glucose load were measured. Results The serum insulin levels after 120 min glucose load during OGTT in patients with IGT and CGI were significant higher than those in patients with NGT and IFG (P<0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the plasma GLP-1 was significant associated with the plasma glucose and serum insulin after 30 min glucose load (r=0.27, P=0.017; r=0.326, P=0.004); the area under the curve of plasma GLP-1 was significant associated with the plasma glucose after 30 min glucose tolerance (r=0.223, P=0.049). Conclusion The plasma GLP-1 of pre-diabetes patients after glucose loading is closely related with plasma glucose. While, there is no significant difference of GLP-1 among patients with different type of pre-diabetes.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a kind of highly invasive malignant tumor, characterized by rapid growth and frequently occurred metastasis in early stage. It is reported that the serum S100B level in patients with brain metastases of SCLC is significantly higher than that without brain metastases. Serum S100B level may be one of the potential indicators to predict and detect brain metastases of SCLC. This review describes the affect of S100B responsible for the patients with brain metastases of SCLC.

Thyroid cancer is a common occurrence in clinic, which is occult to be found. Most patients do not have obvious clinical symptoms at early time except thyroid nodules. The diagnosis key is to identify benign and malignant nodules. As a new technology, the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), a good complement to conventional ultrasound can be used for differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. This article reviews the development of CEUS and identification of thyroid nodules, and provides a reference for clinical application.

NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a kind of lymphoma associated with EB virus (EBV) infection. The clinical course is showing highly aggressive development, the poor response to traditional chemotherapy and low long-term survival rate. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small molecule non-coding RNA, which can cause RNA silence. Therefore, it can regulate the gene expression and function of post-transcriptional level, which plays an important role in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. This review focuses on the regulation effect of miRNA genes in NKTCL to have a better understanding of the molecular level abnormalities and pathogenesis, in order to konw the biological behavior of NKTCL better and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Cognitive dysfunction is a core symptoms of schizophrenia. The improvement of cognitive impairment is very important in the treatment of schizophrenia. It can improve the social function and the life quality of patients. This review describes the assessment and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

As extensive studies on inflammatroy bowel disease (IBD), a lot of consensus have been revised in IBD diagnosis and its treatment. These consensus reflects updated achievements and to be a valuable guidance for IBD clinical practice. This review summarizes the updated IBD clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is a specific autoimmune disease in thyroid, which includes Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD). Thyroid contains the most abundant selenium, an essential microelement in body. Through selenoproteins, the selenium can regulate the metabolism of thyroid hormone and maintain cardiovascular health. It also can moderate immune response to prevent from nerve degeneration and cancer. This article reviews the research progress of selenium and its related ATD to provide new reference for clinical treatment.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a common complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. cGVHD is related to the lack of immune tolerance after transplantation, and to the immune response activated by the donor-derived T and B cells. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a key factor to maintain CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation, survival and function. This review describes the IL-2 specifically in increasing Treg, enhancing the immune suppression function, and rebuilding the T cell homeostasis after transplantation to prevent from cGVHD.